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Allana Management Journal of Research
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?Allana Management Journal of Research
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The Fifth Five-Year Plan (1974-79) gave importance at training of women that were in need of income and protection. In 1976, Women__ampersandsign#39;s welfare and Development Bureau was established under the Ministry of Social Welfare. The Sixth Five-Year Plan (1980-85) moved its attention from welfare to development. It acknowledged that women have lack of resources which is a serious factor hindering their growth. The Seventh Five-Year Plan (1985-90) underlined the want for gender equality and empowerment. For the first time, stress was given on qualitative features like developing confidence, awareness creation regarding their rights and training in skills for enhanced employment. |
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The Eight Five-Year Plan (1992-97) gave importance on empowering women, particularly at the grass roots level by Panchayat Raj Institutions. The Ninth Five-Year Plan (1997-2002) implemented a strategy of women__ampersandsign#39;s component plan wherein not less than 30 percent of funds were allocated for women-specific programmes. The Tenth Five-Year Plan (2002-07) aspires to empower women by transforming the lately agreed National Policy for Empowerment of Women (2001) into action and making sure Survival, Protection and Development of women and children as per rights based approach. |
Research Methodology
Objectives of the study
Type of Data: Secondary data is used in this research.
Sources of Data: The secondary data is collected from following sources.
Reports of various Government ministries/departments like,
Government Support in Women Entrepreneurial Development
Following are some of the special schemes for women entrepreneurs put into practice by the Government bodies and allied institutions-
Schemes for the development and promotion of women entrepreneurs-
In order to inspire women to take up entrepreneurship the Government has launched a Scheme named, __doublequotosingTrade Related Entrepreneurship Assistance and Development (TREAD) during the 11th Plan. The scheme envisioned economic empowerment of women through the developing their entrepreneurial skills in non-farm activities by providing training, information and counseling extension activities. The three key components of the scheme are: -
Operationalization of the Scheme -
The scheme visualizes that women Associations/NGOs/SHGs should formulate composite bankable proposals for a group of women entrepreneurs and submits the same to the bank, which are signatories to participate in the scheme, viz., Syndicate Bank, State Bank of India, Canara Bank and Allahabad Bank. A copy of the proposal submitted to the bank should be sanctioned to DC (MSME). Bank scrutinizes the proposal and issues sanction. On the basis of the approval 30% of the loan amount is permitted as grant and made available to the bank by office of DC (MSME) for further distribution to NGOs.
Type of interventions
I) Soft Interventions - Capacity building activities in the cluster where no fixed assets are acquired or formed is termed as soft intervention. Soft interventions inter alia, includes: -
i. Diagnostic study
ii. Forming Association-Trust building __ampersandsign Developing Identity 2
iii. Capacity building,
iv. Organising workshops, seminars,
v. Training __ampersandsign Exposure visits,
vi. Market development,
vii. Launch of Website,
viii. Common procurement,
ix. Common/complementary sales and branding;
In the previous years, as per the type of cluster, assistance available for soft interventions has diverse from about Rs.25 - 35 lakhs per cluster. Presently, under the scheme there is an internal ceiling of Rs.10 lakhs for soft intervention which is being tried to increase. Clusters of women__ampersandsign#39;s enterprises are eligible up to 90% help for soft interventions.
II) Hard Interventions - Hard interventions are tangible __doublequotosingassets__doublequotosing like
Even other tangible assets could be set up by the women__ampersandsign#39;s Clusters, provided they are shared by everyone. It is essential to form a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) under hard interventions which could be a registered society or a cooperative society, or company, or a trust or any other legal entity wherein minimum 20 to 30 members of the Cluster contribute and participate. The Common Facility Centre that is set up by the Special Purpose Vehicle as a hard intervention is eligible to the maximum level of support from the MSME Ministry i.e. up to 90% of the Project Cost. This includes the cost of plant, machinery, laboratory, equipment and other tangible assets. The remaining 10% of the project cost needs to be contributed by the SPV or by the State Government or the Local Government. But land and building are not included under this __doublequotosingProject Cost__doublequotosing and needs to be provided by the SPVs of the Women__ampersandsign#39;s Enterprises Clusters or State Government or some other agency.
III) Infrastructure Assistance- Infrastructure support includes the construction of basic facilities like power, telecommunication, approach roads, pollution control, drainage, water and storage, etc. MSME Ministry__ampersandsign#39;s help for this element is currently limited to 40% of the total cost which is being tried to increase in future. Only one component i.e. Display or Exhibition Centers are eligible to a higher level of assistance as far as Women__ampersandsign#39;s Clusters are concerned, i.e. 90%. This Display or Exhibition Centre could be made by the Women__ampersandsign#39;s Clusters, SPV in the Cluster or near the Cluster or even in connecting Markets of Towns - given that they display and market the products produced by the Women__ampersandsign#39;s Clusters.
Operationalisation of the Scheme
The Government introduced the Credit Guarantee Fund Scheme for Small Industries in May, 2000 with the aim of providing credit to Micro and Small-Scale units, by diminishing the risk perception of banks and financial institutions in offering credit without collateral security. The loans are provided up to Rs. 25 lakhs without collateral/ third party guarantees. The Scheme is being functioned by the Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Small Industries (CGTSI) set up along with by the Government of India and SIDBI. The Scheme offers for collateral free credit facility extended by eligible lending institutions to new and prevailing micro and small units including Information Technology and Software Industry up to Rs. 25 lakhs per borrowing unit. For women enterprises, the guarantee cover is up to 80% of the credit subject to maximum guarantee limit of Rs. 20 lakhs. The member lending institutions (MLI) that avail guarantee from the Trust have to pay a one-time guarantee fee of 1.5% of the credit facility and annual service fee of 0.75% per annum on the sum of credit facility which is covered under the scheme.
Operationalisation of the Scheme- The entrepreneurs whose bank finance is permitted by the lending bank may request the bank to gain guarantee from the Credit Guarantee Trust Fund. This facility is obtainable online to the lending banks and clearance from the Trust is communicated in a one or two day.
MSME DIs frequently organize Entrepreneurship Skill Development Programme (ESDPs)/ Entrepreneurship Development Programme (EDPs)/ Management Development Programmes (MDPs) to train them in refining their techno/managerial knowledge and skill of existing and potential entrepreneurs and charge fees for such courses. There are many tailor made programmes for the target group for SC, ST, OBC, Women and other weaker sections of society. These programmes are also termed as __doublequotosingOut-reach Programmes__doublequotosing as they are organized in rural / less developed areas. In order to encourage them for entrepreneurship they are not charged fees rather are paid a stipend of Rs.500/- per capita per month. 50,000 entrepreneurs will be provided training in sector like IT, Fashion Technology, Catering, Agro __ampersandsign Food Processing, Pharmaceutical, biotechnology etc. through specialized courses organized by MSME DIs. 20% of courses organized shall be solely for women.
DC (MSME) has framed a scheme for women entrepreneurs to inspire Small __ampersandsign Micro manufacturing units owned by women to tap and develop foreign markets, to upsurge involvement of representatives of small/micro manufacturing units under SIDO stall at International Trade Fairs/Exhibitions, to augment export from such units. Under this scheme the involvement of women entrepreneurs in 25 international exhibitions is predicted during the 11th Plan (2007-2012). For the year 2007-08 a good number of bulging women entrepreneur associations have been appealed to sponsor their members for participating in 5 international exhibitions planned in the months of Jan.-March, 2008. With the aim of motivating the women entrepreneurs to participate in the International Exhibitions under MDA scheme it has been decided to: i) deliver rent free space (6/9 Sq Mts)in the exhibitions ii) reimbursement of 100% economy class air fare for one representative maximum of Rs 1.25 lakhs iii) reimbursement of shipping cost up to Rs.15,000/- . Office of DC (MSME) participated in the following exhibitions with 36 women out of total 74 participants from April 2008 to September
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Name of Fair |
Date __ampersandsign Duration |
Number of Women Participants |
Total Participants |
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Fujian, China |
May 18 - 222008 |
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Imported Goods Fair,Seol, S.Korea |
May 2008 |
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Exporiva, Garda, Italy |
June 14 - 17, 2008 |
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SAARC Fair, Colombo, Sri Lanka |
August 28-31, 2008 |
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Budapest International Trade Fair, Budapest, Hungary |
September 10-14, 2008 |
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September 22-25, 2008 |
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Office of DC (MSME) is participating in the following International Exhibitions / Fair during September 2008 to March 2009.
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Name of Fair |
Date __ampersandsign Duration |
Name of specific Product |
Tentative space rent per Sq. M. |
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INDEE, Kualalampur, Malyasia |
Sept. 25 - 27 2008 |
Engineering Items |
Rs. 17,978/- with Service Tax |
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8th Tehran Int.Industry Fair (TIIF), Iran |
October 6 - 9 2008 |
Engineering Items |
Rs. 7,000/- + 12.36% Service Tax |
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AF__ampersandsign#39;L Artigianoin Fiera,- International Craft Selling Fair, Milan, Italy |
November 29 - December 8, 2008 |
Handicraft giftware and related products |
Rs. 21,000/- + 12.36% Service Tax |
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Intermoda-International Apparel __ampersandsign Textile Fair, Guadalajara, Mexico |
January 13-16 2009 |
All wear items __ampersandsign accessories |
Rs. 11,000/- + 12.36% Service Tax |
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Asian Pharma ExpoDhaka, Bangla Desh |
January 2009 |
Pharmaceutical Items __ampersandsign Machinery |
To be decided |
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Cairo International Fair, Egypt |
March 15-25, 2009 |
Multi Product |
Rs. 7,000/- + Service Tax |
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APLF - Asia Pacific Leather Fair, Hong Kong |
March 31 - April 2, 2009 |
Leather goods and Accessories |
Rs. 22,000/- + Service Tax |
6) Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)
The Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) was launched on 20th October, 1980 all over the country, as a main credit linked self-employment program for poverty alleviation. The objective of the programme is to recognize rural poor families and assist them in crossing the poverty line by augmenting their income by providing necessary assets and inputs. The assets can be from primary, secondary or tertiary sector are given by means of monetary help in the form of subsidy by the Government and term credit loan by financial institutions.
The Recipients of this scheme are rural artisans, Labourers, Marginal Farmers, Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and economically backward classes with an annual income of less that Rs 11,000. In order to get better involvement of women in the development process, it has been stated that at least 40% of those aided should be women.
The maximum amount of subsidy has been fixed at Rs 6,000 for SC/ST families and differently abled people, Rs4, 000.
Entrepreneurship Development Programmes are being conducted on regular basis to cultivate the talent of young people by educating them on several characteristics of industrial work that is needed for setting up MSEs. These EDPs are usually directed in ITIs, Polytechnics and other technical institutions. 20% of the total target of EDPs is conducted solely for weaker sectors of the society that is SC, ST, and women and physically challenged and they receive a stipend of Rs500 per month per candidate as per the Promotional Package scheme of MSEs and no fees are charge to them. The course is designed in such a way that it provides valuable information on product/process design, manufacturing practices, testing and quality control, choosing the right machines and equipment__ampersandsign#39;s, export chances, availability of infrastructure, cash flow and product pricing.
8) Mahila Udyam Nidhi
Mahila Udyam Nidhi is scheme for women__ampersandsign#39;s that is designed by Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) for meeting the gap in equity funds required for setting a new enterprise. SIDBI is the chief financial institution for the promoting, financing and development of the small scale sector.
The women entrepreneurs are assisted for setting up new venture in tiny /small scale sector and rehabilitation of feasible sick SSI units. Currently operating tiny and small scale industries and service industries (within investment ceiling of Rs 5lakhs) that wants to expand, modernize, upgrade technology __ampersandsign diversify can also be covered under the scheme. The main criteria is that the unit should be solely promoted by women entrepreneur or consisting majority of women entrepreneurs.
The eligibility criteria of the scheme specify that the Cost of the project should not to more than Rs.10 lakhs. Thus, a soft loan limit of up to 25% of the project cost, subject to a maximum of Rs.2.5 lakhs per project is given to worthy women entrepreneurs. The soft loan needs to be repayable within 10 years. Though, the time limit of refunding soft loan will be co-terminus with that of term loan approved by a scheduled bank.
Mahila Coir Yojana is a women welfare scheme proposed to grant self employment to rural women artisans in areas producing coir fibre. Over the last two decades, manufacturing of coir fibre has considerably increased in India. Converting coir fibre into yarn on motorized ratts in rural houses helps in offering opportunity for large scale employment, improving the productivity and quality, better working conditions and more income. The scheme foresees in distribution of motorized ratts/ motorized traditional ratts for spinning coir yarn to women artisans. Only one artisan per household is entitled to obtain aid under the scheme. The requirement of balanced regional development is considered while selecting the beneficiaries. The beneficiaries are given training in the operation of the ratts in the normal training programmes of the Board.
Source of finance- Coir Board provides 75% of the price of the motorized ratt as one time subsidy and remaining 25% is given by the beneficiary by voluntary organizations or financial institutions or by personal savings.
The scheme is prevalent is coastal areas like Kerela, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Telangana, Odisha, Pondicherry, A__ampersandsignN Islands, Lakshadweep, West Bengal and NE region. 1658 women have been provided training and 137 ratts have been distributed up to February, 2017.
10) Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women (STEP)
The Support to Training __ampersandsign Employment Programme for Women (STEP) commenced as a Central Sector Scheme in 1986-87. The scheme endeavors to make a noteworthy impact on women by improving their skills for self employment. The target group includes women who are 16 years and above age all over the country. The women should be marginalized, with no assets rural women and urban poor. This comprises of wage labourers, unpaid daily workers, female headed households, and migrant labourers, tribal and other homeless groups.
The main objectives of the scheme is to mobilize the women in small feasible groups and providing facilities through training, access to finance and other inputs
The order of activities is visualized as mobilizing women in workable groups, developing their skills, assembling for useful assets/ access to wage employment, generating backward and forward relation, organizing for support services, providing financial aid, information, gender sensitization, education about nutrition, sensitization of project functionaries etc. Thus, the ultimate aim is at making women self reliant in the competitive market with minimum of Government support after the project duration ends.
Services- the Scheme provides as inclusive package of the following services to women to allow them to be financially independent and improve their socio-economic status. Providing training for upgrading skills, facilitating groups of women to organize employment-cum-income generation programmes, support services like health Check-ups, Referral Services, Mobile creches and Education services.
Sectors covered- Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Dairying, Fisheries, Handlooms, Handicrafts, Khadi and village Industries, Sericulture, Social Forestry, Waste Land Development and other locally appropriate sector
STEP had the ability to reach the poorest of women by association with NGOs; hence, women from backward areas could easily be tapped in great numbers. Since its commencement 29 projects provided benefit to 1.52 lakh women in the states of Bihar, Gujrat, Haryana, Kerela, Karnataka, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. Up to now, women in dairy business have been gaining maximum advantage under the program, followed by handlooms, handicrafts and sericulture. A designed provision of 15 crores was allocated for the year 1994-95 from which an amount of Rs. 2.75 crores was incurred by 15th March 1995, as per the Ministry of Human Resource Development in its Annual Report 1994-95
11) The Indira Mahila Yojana (IMY)
Indira Mahila Yojna (IMY) was launched on 20th August 1995 as a strategy to coordinate and assimilate components of all sectoral programmes, generating awareness among women from rural areas and urban slums and aid their union to provide empowerment to women. It aspires to organize women at the grass-root level to make possible their involvement in decision-making. It started with 200 ICDS blocks. The power of the scheme lies in the vigor of group dynamics.
It recommends bringing out a method by which there is orderly harmonization amongst various programmes, in a significant assimilation of various areas of funds that are accessible under different schemes to fulfil women__ampersandsign#39;s requirements and at the same time making certain that women__ampersandsign#39;s welfare are taken care of.
The chief objectives of IMY are:
12) Mahila Vikas Nidhi Scheme
Mahila Vikas Nidhi is a scheme developed by SIDBI in 1990 for the entrepreneurial development of women particularly in rural areas. It helps to provide finance up to Rs.10 Lakh through state Financing Corporation and SIDC. Financial help is provided as concessional rate. It also provides support in training women entrepreneurs. Under this scheme loan are granted to women to start their venture in the areas like spinning, weaving, knitting, embroidery products, block printing, handlooms handicrafts, bamboo products etc. Mahila Vikas Nidhi helps the women by providing grants and soft loans .Registered voluntary organizations that have a verified track proof, well performing governing body, and working absolutely for women__ampersandsign#39;s development are entitled for assistance.
Activities that are supported under this scheme comprise setting up training-cum development centres, conducting skill up gradation programs, marketing aid, management up gradation, and other such industrial activities which develop the economic status of women. Assistance is provided in form of one-time capital expenditure, as it is believed that frequent expenses of voluntary agencies can be fulfilled by other means of funding.
13) Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK)
Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK) was established by the Government of India in March, 1993 as an autonomous body under the Ministry of Women __ampersandsign Child Development. It was registered under the Societies Registration Act 1860.
The aims of the Kosh are:-
14) Training of Rural Youth for Self-Employment (TRYSEM)
TRYSEM is a supporting component of the IRDP. The key objective of this scheme is to endow rural youth of age 18 to 35 years with the essential technical and entrepreneurial skills through a training institution or a master craftsman, in order to facilitate them to take up income generating activities. Out of the total number of recipient under the scheme, minimum 40% should be women. To allow the applicants to take up employment, an appropriate tool kit of value not more than Rs. 8OO is also supplied. The aim of scheme is to train nearly two lakh rural youth in the country every year in a variety of skills. During the Eighth Plan, 15.28 lakh youth were given training under TRYSEM, out of which 34.16 per cent took up self-employment and 15.05 per cent wage-employment; while the rest 50.79 per cent were unemployed.
In order to strengthen this programme, numerous programs were taken in the Eighth Plan that comprises of an adding to the stipend and honorarium rates; importance on professionals training by established and recognized institutes like ITIs, Community Polytechnics, Krishi Vigyan Kendras etc., discovering the potential of setting up production groups in the midst of TRYSEM trainees for carrying out auxiliary activities like production and assembly of modern items of production; consumption of TRYSEM infrastructure money for the strengthening of Nirmithi Kendras (Rural Building Centres) sponsored by HUDCO for training the youth under TRYSEM in the business of low cost housing and the setting up of mini-ITIs at the block level to reinforce the training infrastructure for the rural youth.
Supervision and synchronization of the scheme is made at the state level by Rural Development Departments; at the District level by the District Rural Development Agencies and at the Block, by the Block Development Agencies.
15) Prime Ministers Rojgar Yojana (PMRY)
Prime Ministers Rojgar Yojana (PMRY) was launched in 1993 to provide employment to more than one million persons by creating 7 lakh micro-enterprises during the Eighth Five-year Plan through industry, services and business means. Educated unemployed youth (as per the laid down criteria), in the age group of 18-35 years, are entitled for a bank loan, as well as a subsidy from Government to start their own enterprise. The scheme inclines towards weaker sections, including women. Projects up to Rs. 1 lakh come under the scheme for an individual__ampersandsign#39;s; if two or more entitled persons unite together in partnership, a project with a high cost is also covered, provided each person__ampersandsign#39;s share in the project is Rs. 1 lakh or less. To gain the advantage of this scheme, entrepreneurs are requisite to put in 5% of the project cost in cash. No security is required to gain loan under the scheme. The Government provides subsidy is provided at 15% of the project cost, maximum of Rs. 75,000 per entrepreneur.
The persons between the age group of 18-35 years, educated unemployed with a 10 years relaxation for SC/STs, ex-servicemen, physically handicapped and women are eligible under the scheme. They should be VIIIth passed and preference is given to those who have received training for any trade in Government recognized approved institutions for a period of minimum six months. Activities like agriculture and allied activities but excluding direct agricultural operations like raising Crop, purchase of manure etc are covered under the scheme. Normal rate of interest is charged and the repayment period may vary between 3 to 7 years following a primary moratorium as approved.
16) Women__ampersandsign#39;s Entrepreneurship Development (WED) Programme
The Women__ampersandsign#39;s Entrepreneurship Development (WED) Programme has been providing empowerment to women entrepreneurs in developing countries and helping them in venturing their own enterprise and growing their businesses since the mid-2000s.
The programme works with service providers like financial, non-financial, public, private, associative, freelance etc to advance entrepreneurship development and build their capability to support women entrepreneurs in a better way so that they can commence and nurture their businesses. It also takes efforts towards building a more positive environment for WED, by supporting evaluation of the situation, and functioning with Governments and policy makers to eradicate the specific gender hurdles faced by women entrepreneurs.
Thus, by empowering the women economically, it endeavours to chip in to better gender equality, in addition to to more job creation and economic development.
Conclusion
It is rightly said by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru:
__doublequotosingWhen women moves forward, the family moves, the village moves and the nation moves__doublequotosing
Thus, women are very vital for any nation to move ahead towards the path of growth and development and every country should make the best of it. This can be attained by encouraging women for entrepreneurship.
Women__ampersandsign#39;s are surfacing and contributing towards the national economy of India. They have broken the shackles and have entered in all fields from papad to engineering. There are many successful Women Entrepreneurs in our country, but we still have a male dominated culture that poses problems to women from family as well as society.
Measures are being taken by Government of India as well as globally for uplifting the women by providing necessary training, education and women participation. The Government is showing interest in women and has come up with various schemes, training institutions promoting women__ampersandsign#39;s cause. The non Government agencies are also supplementing the Government organizations and playing an important role in assisting women empowerment. Despite their efforts there are certain gaps. It is necessary that the efforts are made from all the sectors by having an open mind, changing attitude towards women, modern mindset of society, risk taking ability of women, support from family, society and Government, supporting Government policies, etc. This will certainly help women to move into entrepreneurial activity thus adding to the social and economic development of women__ampersandsign#39;s family and society and by this means achieving equality and importance for themselves in the society. It is presently seen that women are doing good in field of entrepreneurship hence; measures should be taken to boost women contribution in enterprise sector by offering a complete bundle of financial, training and institutional support.
The paper highlighted the various schemes available and subsidy of special benefits offered by the Government to women. The scheme offers benefits to both the present entrepreneurs as well as potential entrepreneurs occupied in MSME sector. There are schemes for the potential women entrepreneur schemes like Trade Related Entrepreneurship assistance and development schemes for women (TREAD), Entrepreneurship development Programme (EDP) and other schemes help in establishing their own enterprise, availability of finance, developing entrepreneurial skills, etc.
But sadly, the Government sponsored development actions provides benefit only to a small segment of women mostly the urban middle class women. Hence, the need of hour is to take measures to create awareness of schemes offered by the Government, educating women__ampersandsign#39;s, making them conscious of their strengths and importance in the country. Women entrepreneurs should be shaped by polishing their entrepreneurial skills and abilities to meet the changing trends of the global market and make them proficient to survive and grow in their own field. If every citizen of the country realizes the importance of women and work with such an outlook then within no time we can beat our own traditional and inflexible thought process that is the major hurdle in our country__ampersandsign#39;s development process.
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